Saturday, August 17, 2019
Brontes Jane Eyre Essay: Importance of Nature Imagery -- Jane Eyre Es
Importance of Nature Imagery in Jane Eyre     Charlotte Bronte makes extensive use of nature imagery in her novel, Jane Eyre, commenting on both the human relationship with the outdoors and with human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines "nature" as "1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a thing's essential qualities; a person's or animal's innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs." Bronte speaks to each of these definitions throughout Jane Eyre. Several natural themes run throughout the novel, one of which is the image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochester's life, she gives the following metaphor of their relationship: Till morning dawned I was tossed on a buoyant but unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope, bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne: but . . . a counteracting breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back.  The gale represents all the forces that prevent Jane's union with Rochester. Later, Brontà « conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when Rochester says of Jane: "Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was . . . not buoyant." In fact, it is this buoyancy of Jane's relationship with Rochester that keeps Jane afloat at her time of crisis in the heath: "Why do I struggle to retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester is living." Another recurrent image is Brontà «'s treatment of Birds. We first witness Jane's fascination with them as she reads Bewick's History of British Birds as a child. She reads of "death-white realms" and "'the solitary rocks and promontories'" of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane ide... ...illiam Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996  Jane Eyre. Dir. Julian Aymes. Perf. Timothy Dalton, Zelah Clarke. 1983  Kadish, Doris. The Literature of Images: Narrative Landscape from Julie to Jane Eyre. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.  Linder, Cynthia A. Romantic Imagery in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte. London: MacMillan, 1978.  McLaughlin, M.B. "Past or Future Mindscapes: Pictures in Jane Eyre." Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972): 22-24.  Peters, Joan D. â€Å"Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse in Dialogue in the Narration of Jane Eyre.†Studies in the Novel. 23 no 2. (1991): 217-36. Zonana, Joyce. â€Å"The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre.†Signs. 18 no 3. (1993): 592-617   Comments ***VERY WELL WRITTEN PAPER......WHAT ABOUT CITING THE QUOTES USED FROM THE TEXT?***
Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Essay
Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower Introduction            The novel, parable of the sower was authored by Octavia E. Butler. The novel was published in 1993. It is the first book in a two-book series of science and fiction books written by Octavia E. Butler which is set in a prospect where the government has collapsed. The novel is centered on Lauren Olamina a young woman who has the ability to feel and perceive pain and many other sensations of others. She develops a benevolent religious and philosophical religion in her childhood in the remaining parts of a gated community in Los Angeles (the writer has dubbed this hyperempathy). During that time, there is increased resource scarcity and high levels of poverty which has led the civil society to revert to relative anarchism. As soon as the community’s security is compromised, her home is shattered and her family is murdered. After the incidence that led to loss of her parents, Lauren Olamina travels to North together with other survivors to go and try to start a new community where her faith- Earthseed can grow and thrive. The novel describes the conditions the society is going through in the city of California in 2024. The city has turned to hell and this has led to creation of three classes of people who are miles apart financially and in their societal status .i.e. the poor, the middle class and the rich. The poverty and insecurity levels not only in California but also in the whole of America are very high with different politicians giving empty promises on how they will alleviate the situation. Against such unpleasant background, Butler presents her intelligent heroine, Lauren who is believed to be thoughtful and independent girl who apart from thinking about herself she suffers from what the writer terms as â€Å"hyperempathy syndrome†- She is exceedingly sensitive to the agony of others, feeling it as if it were her own. It is this feeling that keeps pressuring her to change not only the belief system but also economically change the society and redeem her people from the anguish they are going through. Lauren does not acknowledge the belief system of her elders but make an effort to start her own system that is true according to her experience and that is accorded with common sense and observation. From the novel we get to know that Lauren acquired the â€Å"hyperempathy syndrome.†from her drug-addicted mother who died while giving birth to her.            There is no freedom in Laurent’s society. At the onset of the novel, we find Lauren, her family and other families that live within the walled neighborhood living as virtual prisoners.            Any time they want to go outside they must be armed. They live under endless siege resulting from drug addicts and thieves who aimlessly wander the streets outside. These drug addicts are desperate and many a times they break into their neighborhood, burn, steal and rummage whatever they can. In Laurent’s society, there are is no potentials for the young that are within the walls-they will continue to get poor due to lack of jobs and their lives continue to worsen slowly. For example what Bianca Montoya-seventeen year old expects when she marries is to live in a garage-like house. The national government is helpless to improve the condition. The sole option for Laurent’s people is moving to urban of Olivar’s company. But for the people who consider this option, they do so for the sake of their security and not for freedom reasons since the company will assume responsibility of each part of their lives- Lauren refuses t o go to Olivar. She instead journeys to the north for freedom despite the fact that she is aware of the danger of thejourneyand she does not clearly know her endpoint. Most of those people that travel with her are doing so as to escape virtual slavery. For example Zahra Moss escaped frequent fight from her husband, Allie Gilchrist and Jill were escaping slavery from their father who had forced them to prostitution and Jill and Allie Gilchrist was running from her employer who is enslaving her due to her debtr. Laurent’s arrival at Bankole’s property gives her to choose on of whether to stay there or not. Though survival in this new place is challenging, they have the privilege of freeing from outside oppression unlike their counterparts who sojourned to Olivar. (Butler 204).            From the novel, the author tries to point out the theme of Self-reliance. For instance, even when Laurent is young of age (at the age of fifteen years) she already has the knowledge of the state of her community-that it is doomed and that no one is ready to deliver it from the turmoil. This encourages her to live a self-reliant life and not to depend on any external authority to help her such as the police who are very corrupt-the rule of law in the community has broken down. This also encourages her to read everything that would help her know how to continue to exist when the time is ripe for her to leave Robledo (her community). For example, she learns how to use guns and how to handle medical emergencies. Once they start sojourning, Laurent and her group survive because of attentive and using their resources in a more wise way. After reaching the land where they intend to build their first Earthseed community, they still require to be s elf-reliant. Since there are no careers in this new area where they build their first Earthseed community, they have to nearly start from scratch and upkeep themselves by what they can cultivate and sell. Self-reliance therefore becomes a basic principle of the Earthseed religion. According to this religion which was founded by Laurent, it is imprudent for people to foolishly wait upon God to come and help them –they have to toil so as to bring food onto their table. It is their obligation to mold their own destiny based on their personal efforts. (ch. 11).According to Butler (158), the novel also shows the collapse of community and the steady reconstructing of another one. Societal orders are almost broken in Robledo in 2024 and the only places where community seems to exist is within the walled areas in which the middle class and the rich people live a normal live. Though the people in the walled areas where the middle class live do not like one another, they take the respo nsibility to defend their neighborhood. This community is doomed and at the end when it is invaded; there is nothing left but pandemonium and anarchy. In this chaotic world, Laurent and her community must learn the links of affection and trustworthiness that bring bond people in unison. In Laurent’s new community, there is sense of community-hood, togetherness and loyalty to the ideals of the society. For example, after Jill Gilchrist is killed, Lauren consoles and comforts Jill’s sister, Allie (Ch. 24). This is advancement on the process of forming the Earthseed community of people that share common values and value one another. (Butler 182).            The novel also reveals a poor religion which Laurent is against. According to the Baptist religion where Laurent’s father is a minister, they foolishly depend on God. They believe that their God can do everything for them and therefore there is no need for struggle. This kind of religion has contributed to the increased levels of poverty in the community. This is why Laurent challenges her father’s faith. She completely rejects his father’s religion and instead creates her own-Earthseed which exclusively believes in toiling for one’s survival instead of foolishly waiting upon God. (ch. 7).Contrary to Laurent’s success after challenging her father’s religion, Keith-Laurent’s young brother after challenging his father religion chooses a detrimental course which ends in his demise. He struggles to be independent by running from his father’s religion but this independence costs him his li fe (ch. 9).            According to Margalit (6), Even though America is still in presumption democracy, there is no one in Laurent’s family and neighborhood that is ready to vote except her father. Basic goods are scarce and high-priced. Outside the enclosed neighborhoods, there is anarchy. People have entered in all types of depression. For example, drug addiction and disease is rampant, corpses lie all over the streets and many people are starving and homeless. The federal government keeps talking about alleviating the situation, but it is basically immaterial to most people’s lives. The police have worsened the situation also as they charge a fee before investigating a crime. References Octavia E. Butler. Parable of the Sower. United States: Four Walls Eight Windows press, 1993.Print. Fox, Margalit. â€Å"Octavia E. Butler, Science Fiction Writer, Dies at 58†³ journal of science fiction, (2003). Source document
Friday, August 16, 2019
Argument Essay Essay
As students we all have been challenged to do our best. Throughout our lives we have been labeled with our grades; in high school, the ones with low grades were left alone in misery, while the ones with higher grades were praised as the leaders of this horse race. Then, the question that comes into mind is: is it right to categorize students, does grading contribute to educationa? It is assumed and stated in the philosophy of the current educational system that grading encourages learning and without it students would not study. That is far from being true and also expresses another flaw of our education system. The system is based on fear: the basic motive for students to study is fear of low grades. Furthermore, because the grades are the main criteria for passing courses, students do not study: they just develop methods of cheating. Thus, without learning the subject, they keep passing. Since grades received in exams are more important than learning the subject matter, all students have to do to pass their courses is memorize how a specific problem is solved. Without knowing why such a method is used, students cannot apply their ability to solve the problem to daily life. However, they pass exams without learning why, how or what of the matter. Another disadvantage of grading is that grades of a student are not updated. That means the grades of a student for the first year of school will still be valid in the last year, whether his knowledge about the subject has improved or deteriorated. Considering all the factors that affect a student’s exams and marks, even a small incident may have a great impact in the long run. Apart from these problems, which can be virtually solved by optimizing and improving the grading system, the most important defect of the system cannot be repaired without changing the whole system. The grading system causes inequalities, superior-inferior relations, classifications and even conflicts. It may be maintained that societies of the modern world are structured on these basic principles, but the fact that something exists does not justify it. Moreover, the people grown up in such an education system will not be able to see the other side of the walls, or will be afraid even to take a glimpse. To sum up, grading students is not a good practice and should be abolished. It is clear that education, especially education during childhood, has a great effect on one’s life. And if you bring the children up in conditions of conflict and competition, they will look for conflicts in the future too.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Plastic; significant effect on the environment
IntroductionFor those of us that are pupils, it is non unusual to hold one or two repasts a twenty-four hours as take-outs. At tiffin clip, we may stop up taking hot nutrient packed in a Styrofoam box with fictile cutter back to university. A continuance of this every twenty-four hours, can take to us making tonss of plastic trash which, at the clip may look convenient, but the world is that this man-made stuff leaves harmful imprints on the environment. Plastics are really durable merchandises that could potentially be used over decennaries, and yet our chief usage of these stuffs are as single-use points that are disposed of within proceedingss, where they ‘ll prevail for centuries. This careless disposable attitude is a important job as plastic is a non-biodegradable substance and one of the major toxic pollutants of our clip. As plastics grow in volume undertaking its jobs means turn toing its sustainability and in bend altering society ‘s attitudes to eliminate this †throwaway †( McDonough and Braungart, 2009: 97 ) civilization that we ‘ve adopted. The reply to climate alteration is non to merely discontinue fictile use, but alternatively to look at disposable plastic as a premier illustration of our mundane disposable nature, which we feel demands to be addressed, if we are to hold a important consequence on the environment. This study sets out to sketch our environmental place with respects to our enthusiasm and passion in the making of affectional architecture. In the first subdivision of the study, we will lucubrate how media and architecture conform to immaterial labor as understood by Michael Hardt, to bring forth sustainable affects. Second, we will show how climate alteration can be approached from a planetary and local degree. Third, we will supply assorted illustrations of affectional architectural undertakings that work to assist out the community and the environment. And eventually, we will specify our ethical place as a combination of ecocentrism and technocentrism, a alteration which incorporates soft engineering, but most significantly requires autonomy.Media Architecture as an AffectHow do we get rid of the normalcy of street arab merchandises? We believe that to get down replying the above inquiry, we need to concentrate on our power to impact the universe around us, through both the design field and media field. As Baruch Spinoza explains, affects can be passions, determined by external causes or actions, determined by internal causes.1 We as interior decorators need to supply the external stimulation to arouse such passions and at the same time, do a changeless attempt to transform these passions into sustainable actions. We have undergone a post-industrial displacement into a new economic paradigm which is based on supplying services and pull stringsing information. The labor involved in this paradigm is one that consequences in non-material goods, hence merchandises can non be touched and are non physical, as outlined by Michael Hardt. Hardt subsequently goes on to specify this as †immaterial labor †( 1999: 95 ) . The media today embodies trends found in immaterial labor, where †images attract affectional battles that fall in line with capatalist productive schemes †( Wissinger, 2007: 250 ) . Cultural production has begun to transport out greenwashing methods, utilizing the merchandises of immaterial labor to capitalize and gain from new investings in green engineering. This state of affairs has formed a sustainable civilization, which to a great extent features the corporate sector and their ecobranding attempts. The productive force of sustainability civilization comes from how it generates economic value, as McDonough and Braungart assert. Corporations such as Beyond Petroleum, BP ( once British Petroleum ) 2 exploit sustainability civilization to aim a wider market, at the same time advancing a new sustainable corporate image ( Figure 1 ) . They employ immaterial labor techniques to bring forth affects in the lifting popularity of socially responsible ingestion, in order to maximise their profits.3How if used in a non-profitable manner can cultural production be affectional?If we look at cultural production from a sustainable position, it is clear that †culture non merely promotes societal consciousness of environmental issues ; as a pattern it has the power to besides set sustainable life to work †( Parr, 2009: 5 ) . We feel that if used to show existent †principles of equality, stewardship, compassion, reclamation and nutriment †( Parr, 2009: 5 ) , so it can assist to organize the foundations of a healthy community. Michael Hardt develops the thought of immaterial labor through his treatment of its three specific inclinations, which are, the informatization of production ( via cybernation ) ,4 the addition of ‘symbolic -analytical services ‘ ( problem-solving and everyday symbol use ) ,5 and affectional labor, which requires practical or existent human contact and propinquity, for the creative activity and use of affects.6 Sustainable media schemes can emerge, specifically from the latter. Imagery can work to excite involvement and attending by determining the populaces perceptual experience of the importance of clime alteration ( Figure 2 ) . By making this, affectional images are produced, that melody into a felt sense of consciousness, duty or attainability. This in bend arouses people ‘s affectional energy, which leads to immediate and decisive action. A displacement in media ‘s working from †selling merchandises to pull stringsing affect †( Clough, forth coming ) can be exploited to provide and modulate affect for productive sustainable consequences. Progresss in engineering can rush up the bringing and increase the viewing frequence of affectional media images, ensuing in dramatic and profitable image barrage. Images can be accessed via telecastings, film screens, phones, iPods and computing machines, organizing a digital kingdom of affectional exposure.Can this affectional exposure be applied physically?Architecture, edifices and infinite already actively employ similar constructs through physical dimensions, every bit good as confirming Hardt ‘s description of immaterial labor in several ways. Architecture itself is a medium. It non merely conveys, procedures and saves world and its significance, but besides produces it. We can look at architecture as media, symbols and incarnations of peculiar thoughts and values that affect our head and bodily experience of an environment. Our environment shapes the manner we think and behave, what we learn, and how we learn it. Therefore, David Orr asserts â€Å" architectural design is inescapably a sort of crystallised pedagogy7 that instructs in powerful but elusive ways †( Orr, 2002: 137 ) . The reply to the above inquiry is hence yes. We feel that architecture has an affectional duty to promote and inform the populace of sustainable behavior and life. For such reinforced environments to efficaciously crystallise a sustainable teaching method, they must both embody sustainable ideals and incorporate the manners of teaching.8 As a consequence, these environments need to be designed with consideration to the operation of the edifice after it has served the terminal uses of its residents. The inclusion of the person into the operation of the built environment enables a individuals larning ability to develop. Erik Bonnett and Victor Olgyay indicate that †rather than larning about external systems or relationships, residents begin larning about themselves, their behavioral inclinations, and their relationships to the societal and biological universe †( 2009: 4 ) . One illustration of a reinforced environment that acts as a medium in presenting affect is the IslandWood School, Washington, which teaches and influences sustainable behaviors chiefly through physical and cultural stimulation ( Figure 3 ) . These stimulations involve legion sustainability schemes runing from daylighting and natural airing to composting lavatories and photovoltaic arrays. Many schemes are highlighted and explained with signage. It is the integrating of sustainability schemes into a comprehensive acquisition environment, located within the temperate rain forest, that has the most affect, greatly impacting occupant acquisition. At IslandWood, lessons in ecology or the relationship of worlds to the natural environment may affect activities in the nursery or life machine, which figure 4 high spots. Architecture has been and can be used deliberately and accidentally to act upon human behavior, in a similar mode to the manner that media manipulates affect. Therefore, affectional design can non merely offer the chance to utilize infinites, edifices and metropoliss to learn lessons about sustainability, but besides through altering societies attitudes, eradicate, this adopted †throwaway †civilization ( McDonough and Braungart, 2009: 97 ) . We feel that the function of the designer has to alter and accommodate, to see both socio-political and environmental issues in accomplishing a greater power to impact, taking to a greater power to move.NotesSee Spinoza, 1985.Until 2004, BP was called British Petroleum. Today, the elephantine energy company continues to take most of its net incomes from oil. BP says that it is puting $ 1.5bn ( & A ; lb ; 980,000 ) a twelvemonth in â€Å" alternate energy †. This may be true, but it turns out that BP ‘s alternate energy division includes non merely weave and solar and biofuels but besides natural gas-fired power Stationss. Natural gas may be less fouling than coal and oil, but at the terminal of the twenty-four hours it ‘s a fossil fuel make fulling the ambiance with CO2.See Parr, 2009.See Castells, 1996.See Reich, 1992.See Hardt, 1999.Orr coined the term â€Å" crystallised teaching method †to depict the ability of the reinforced environment, such as green edifices, to capture an educational course of study in the design of a physical environment. For illustration, at the Adam Joseph Lewis Centre for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College, pupils are able to detect and take part as effluent from their campus edifice is purified by populating machinery incorporated into the edifice design.See Bonnett and Olgyay, 2009.Figure NotesFigure 1: In 1999, now departed main executive Lord Browne, ( who was applauded for his green certificates ) pulled BP out of its engagement with developing Canadian pitch sands – an energy-intensive procedure with a C footmark several times that of conventional oil. Last twelvemonth, BP bought its manner back into Canadian pitch littorals.Figure 2: This impressive media run for WWF, inspires us to acquire rid of our apathy towards issues like planetary heating and clime alteration. These images portray how people, who are in an exigency mission, blow their clip, disregarding the earnestness of the mission. But, the run is non targeted at any peculiar group, it aims at all of us, it aims at our insensitive attitude. This is an illustration of an affectional manner to incite affect and passions within society.Figure 3: The IslandWood School is a learning environment crafted to ease larning through presentation, experience, and engagement.Figure 4: During a lesson, a kid experiences a bird ‘s position on the wood ‘s canopy while inside a tree house.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Biology Lab Essay
1.Discuss how to protect yourself from body fluids, such as saliva and blood. oGloves protect you whenever you touch blood, body fluids. The use of gloves also decreases the risk of disease transmission if you are pricked with a needle. Always wear gloves for handling items or surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids. oWash your hands and other skin surfaces immediately after they come in contact with blood or body fluids. oMasks and protective eyewear, such as goggles or a face shield, help protect your eyes, mouth, and nose from droplets of blood and other body fluids. Always wear a mask and protective eyewear if you are doing a procedure that may expose you to splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids. oAprons protect you from splashes of blood or body fluids. Always wear a gown or apron if you are doing a procedure that may expose you to splashes or sprays of blood or body fluids 2.Why should you consider a body fluid capable of infecting you with disease? o I think you should be aware and alert because its precaution to practice when youre working in a lab setting. 3.Describe how to dispose of waste material contaminated with body fluids. o You should dispose all waste material in the correct disposal area, and you can throw away the waste materials in the biohazard container. 4. Explain how to safely plug and unplug an electrical device. o When you plug in such electrical equipment, make sure you include the ground plug round. Hold the plug firmly by the insulating cover when plugging it in or unplugging it. Never unplug an electrical device by pulling on its cord. 5.Discuss how to protect yourself from preservatives used on biological specimens. o You would protect yourself from preservatives used on a biological specimen by wearing gloves and safety glasses. Do not shake the container or put the specimen back in the container. 6.Why are special biohazard containers used for biological waste? o Biohazard containers are used to separate infectious, contaminated or dangerous material from other materials that wouldn’t be labeled as such and to protect us and the environment. Also the disposing of biohazard material is done differently than normal material.
Tuesday, August 13, 2019
Microsoft Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Microsoft Corporation - Essay Example Strong Brand Image: Microsoft is a well known brand the world over. Anybody having anything to do with the field of IT, computers or technology finds the italicised brand name easily distinguishable and identifiable. Microsoft was firmly placed at third position after Google and GE in the ranking of brands being finalised by MillwardBrown for the year 2008. In fact, while many of the reputed brands have slipped down their positions, Microsft has firmly held on to its position for couple of years. With a brand value of $ million 70,887, the company saw a rise of 29% in its brand value as compared to 2007. Well Organised R&D set-up: Microsoft is known to be continuously on the lookout for an upgrade or latest product or service with focus on the innovation and customer convenience. Microsoft was one of the first software companies to make provisions for R&D activities way back in 1991 itself. With R&D labs at six places around the world, the company has more than 800 researchers studying more than 55 areas of research. Wide range of Product portfolio: If we talk of an operating system, Windows is the first name that crops up. In fact Windows itself became a brand identity for operating software. Now with valuable upgrades like Vista, the OS range is quite wide. Besides the OS, a number of other products like Office tools, development tools, multimedia software, client-server tools etc. provide a remarkable strength to the company. Strategic tie-ups with a number of reputed companies: Microsoft has been working in close co-ordination with a number of companies. For example computer manufacturers like Dell, HP; multimedia and audio-visual products like Sony, Phillips etc. are the strategic partners of Microsoft. Consistent operating performance: Microsoft has seen healthy operating figures consistently for many years. The results announced for the fiscal quarter ended Sept 30 2008 has shown revenues worth $15.06 billion with a 9% increase over the corresponding period last year2. The average returns of the company over the last five year period ending June 2007 indicate consistency in performance. The average return on assets, return on investments and return on equity figures during the last five years were 14.3%, 18.5% and 20.2% respectively, higher than the industry averages of 11.7%, 16.5% and 19% for the same period (Datamonitor, 2007). Weaknesses Uneven Geographic Concentration: Though Microsoft has operations in many countries around the world, but a cursory look at its financial statements indicate that company's revenues from the US contributed to 62% of the total revenues of the company in 2007 leaving just 38% for the rest of the world (Datamonitor, 2007). In fact, the revenue figures are not indicative of the existing usage of Microsoft software because of a large number of pirated versions doing the rounds in many countries around the world. But Microsoft has not been able to do much to tackle this menance. Decreasing share of search market: Microsoft's search engine MSN search is being replaced by Google all around the world at a rapid pace. Microsoft, having been a leader in software products has not been able to come out with a matching answer to Google indicates sorry state of affairs for the company. Opportunities Increasing emphasis on emerging markets: Microsoft has been strengthening its operations in countries like China and India, the major untapped, yet highly promising markets. With America under recessionary trends, company will do a world of favour to itself if it is able to set off some of the losses by being better focused towards such markets. Launch of Newer Products: The Windows Vista launched in 2007 has come out with many improved features over the
Monday, August 12, 2019
Problem solving questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Problem solving questions - Essay Example It includes also an incorporated limited partnership. Once a partnership is formed, every partner becomes the agent of the firm and other partners in relation to the business of the firm. Thus, every act of partner for the purpose of business except in the case of incorporated limited partnership shall bind the firm and other partners provided the partner acts within his authority to act for the firm in specific cases and the person whom the partner is dealing with believes him to be the partner having authority. In other words, if the person dealt with by the partner knows that the partner has no authority, his acts cannot bind the firm nor other partners. The same holds good in respect of a general partner vis-a-vis the firm and other general partners. Section 13 (1) of the Act lays down that all partners except in the case of an incorporated limited partnership are liable jointly and severally for the liabilities of the firm that have risen whilst being partners. S 13 (2) if the p artner who is an individual dies, his/her estate is severally liable for the liabilities of the firm after satisfaction of his/her separate debts. Same holds good in case of incorporated limited partnership for a deceased general partner. The general partner of an incorporated limited partnership is liable only in respect of unsatisfied liabilities of the firm or more as per the partnership agreement. ... As the partnership business is in common, the partners should disclose material facts that affect their partnership failing which it would amount to misrepresentation on the part of those who fail to do so. Further, a retiring partner can by a condition of restraint of trade be prohibited to start a competing business within the locality for a pre-determined period. Further, a partnership contract cannot be assigned (Gilles, 1988). Application In view of the above important provisions governing partnership business, Jody whose capital will be at stake must have the partnership agreement reduced to writing. And Jody must be entitled to a proportionately higher share of profit and reserve to herself the right to take important decisions in day to day management. This does not mean the other partners are not liable to loss that may occur due to Jody’s decision making. Conclusion Jody can enter into partnership with Mike and Sarah keeping in view of the limited capital or no capit al Mike and Sara may bring in and also have an agreement in restraint of trade on the retiring partners including Jody herself. Consequences The proposal to enter into partnership agreement among Jody, Mike and Sarah will be viable subject to the above conditions therein. 2. Tort- negligent misstatement Issues: Whether Amy can sue Betty for her wrong advice tendered to Amy as a result of negligent misstatement? Law and cases: In order to prove negligence on the part of defendant, claimant should satisfy three conditions. That defendant had a duty of care to the claimant; this was breached by the defendant; that the damage caused by the breach of duty was
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